Unknown Initial Force

There are several important questions that remain to be answered by the Continental Drift, Plate Tectonic, or the Gottsland/Vortex Theories. One is what initiated the breakup of Gottsland or Pangaea and caused the continents to move. One of the possibilities given in the Plate Tectonic theory is that convection caused the movement. This could not be the explanation because when the super continent existed, the displacement of the earth's crust by convection would not deposit the crust in a location that would cause the continent to break apart. The convection mechanism does accurately relate what is currently observed, but it was not the initial energizing force. The near pass of a comet has also been proposed, where the gravitational pull would be excessive and cause the super continent to fragment. Some scientists have suggested the earth would be "off balance" because of the location of the land mass and this would cause "wobbling" of the earth and would put an undue strain on the super continent, causing it to break apart. The most accepted theory is that the shift in the magnetic pole caused the initial breakup of the super continent, but this cannot be verified. There has been no totally acceptable explanation for the breakup of the super continent.

The Continental Drift Theory does represent the current observations of the continental movement. The Plate Tectonic Theory does explain the movement and interaction of the continents in modern times. The Gottsland/Vortex theory does present a better arrangement of the continents in the super continent, because of the soil/coastland/fossil matches, and presents a better explanation of the continental movements from the super continent, but it does not explain the initial cause for the movement. It does strongly suggest that the force was delivered at one time at or near Israel or Al Jafr. The laws of physics have not been violated in any of the continents' movements from the Gottsland arrangement, but there are problems associated with the Pangaea arrangement. The Gottsland Theory does present a logical explanation of mountain building and the formation of rifts and rivers within the interior of the continents. The other theories do not explain these interior continent events. The literature suggests that a shift in the magnetic pole or a reversal of the magnetic field could have supplied the initial energy for the super continent breakup. In the case of the Gottsland Theory this seems highly unlikely. A shift in the magnetic pole would cause a torque at a right angle as previously explained; but if this shift in the pole caused the movement, the American continent would not have been in the position to reflect the right angle torque. Since the vortex (right angle torque) is in the state of Oklahoma, the continent must have been essentially in its present position when the pole shift took place.

At this point there does not seem to be a totally acceptable solution to the initial force paradox. There are numerous events that could have occurred to supply the energy to initiate the continental drift, but none of the possible explanations can be proved and most of them will not fit all of the variables. The Bible states that in the beginning God spoke the universe into existence, and in Genesis 10 it simply states the earth was divided but does not define or hint at a specific mechanism. He may have spoken, and the continents were set adrift.

Time Function

The scientific theories and the Bible are in agreement that there was a super continent. But they differ greatly in the time frame in which the continents were set adrift. The scientific theories indicate that Pangaea started breaking up millions of years ago, 164 whereas the Bible states that it occurred in the days of Peleg. 165 If one takes the Biblical chronology literally, then the breakup of Gottsland was approximately 4000 years ago. This difference in time frames presents a significant problem. It has been suggested that a continental breakup in Peleg's time, approximately 2000 B. C., would have caused great destruction on the earth and history shows evidence of civilization before that time. The affects of the continental breakup would be a function of how the event occurred and the point of reference. The scientific community agrees that the volcanic action and earthquakes are probably caused by the subduction and movement of land masses or plates, but this would occur only on the leading edge of the continental movement, not in the interior of the continents. There probably would have been surface destruction at the breakpoint of the continents, but probably would not have been much effect on a very large percentage of the continent. For example, if a closed car is speeding down the highway at 70 miles per hour and a fly flies from the back seat to the front seat, is he flying 70+ miles per hour? The answer is relative to the point of reference. If the point of reference is outside the vehicle, the answer is 70+, but if it is inside the vehicle it is just a fraction of one mile per hour. The fly's speed is relative to his stable environment. The atmosphere in the car is not moving with respect to the fly. It would be the same problem when the earth was divided. The atmospheric sheath would not necessarily be affected and ones in the interior of the continent would not notice a great change in their immediate environment and the area in the center of the movement would experience very little destruction if any. Thus the people around the center of the continental movement would probably experience little or no disruption because there would be little or no perceivable movement at the epicenter. Any point on earth is traveling at more than 1000 miles per hour, relative to a reference point outside the atmosphere, but would be stationary if the reference point is on the earth. One does not experience any sensation of the speed because our environment moves at the same speed. The earth and its atmospheric sheath are also traveling 33,000 miles per hour in its orbit around the sun, but only the radiation effects are felt on earth.

The scientific literature suggests that the breakup occurred 465 million years ago. This date is based on the sea-floor spreading measurements of 1.5 cm/yr, 166 which converts to 126,000 yrs/mi or 760 million years for the separation of the North American continent from Europe. The Sea-floor spreading movement data are based on estimates utilizing the information available. Scientific equipment and instrumentaton were not available for direct measurements of this small incremental movement at the ocean depths of the midatlantic riff. Measurements taken during the International Geophysical Year (1967-68) indicate that the South American continent was moving away from Africa at the rate of 15 to 18 inches/year, or 4 million years for the separation. Satellite measurements in 1971-72, indicate an 11 in/yr movement, or approximately 6 million years for the separation.

Satellite measurements for 1975 show an 8 in/yr movement yielding a separation time of almost 9 million years. These data would indicate that the speed of the continental movement is decreasing. The current Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS) measurements are taken at a different location but do show an additional slowdown in the rate of movement. These data were not available to the authors of the early continental drift articles when the 465 million year date was suggested. Current research and studies on the continental movement are directed at modern affects on geophysics, volcanology and fault displacement, and are not challenging the original geometry or the time of the breakup of Pangaea because it has no bearing on their research. An extrapolation of the GPS data for South American data show that South America and Africa were joined between 87,000 and 2,000 years ago, the larger number being a linear extrapolation and the smaller a minimal exponential extrapolation. The extrapolation is based on insufficient data to be adamant about the time required for movement, but the methodology is the same as the extrapolation of the sea-floor spreading data used to arrive at the continental drift number. The whole point is none of the physical measurements provide sufficient data for an accurate extrapolation; however the new data from satellite measurements tend to show the continental drift started much later than 465 million years ago. Recent discussions with Dr. William A. Hess, former director of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration's GPS program, indicated that at present the GPS system has 24 satellites in orbit, providing GPS data for the entire world and several new more sophisticated satellites are to be launched this year.

The current use of the GPS by earth scientists is focused on areas of interest concerning major faults and volcanos. However, the receiving stations do provide information on continental drift and several countries including England, Japan, Peru, Brazil, and some African nations have installed or are installing receiving stations. Earth receiving stations see approximately 6 to 8 satellites at the same time. This translates into approximately 18 data points per satellite pass. Based on four satellite data signals for locating the receiving stations position, this produces a massive amount (approximately 100,000 data points per year per location) of actual locational data for analyzing the movement of the receiving station. These data will provide a much more accurate analyses of the continental movement by providing sufficient data for accurate extrapolations. The observation point of the satellite removes the problem of an earth bound reference point. The annual and five year averages over the next twenty years should indicate the extent of the slowing of the movement and provide the basis for an accurate extrapolation to the time of initial movement. The current physical data indicate thousands of years for the initial movement rather than 100's of millions of years since the breakup of Gottsland.

There is a distinct possibility the initial breakup of Gottsland could have occurred in the days of Peleg. The geologic dating presents the same problems, since most methods of atomic dating are questionable beyond 10,000 years, and are also dependent on the speed of light. The Geologist and Earth Scientist use the index fossils to decide the age of the strata and the Archeologist uses the strata to determine the age of the fossils. Whose definition does one use?
Newton's laws of motion apply in most familiar situations, but in the world of subatomic particles at high velocities or strong gravitational fields, some of the physical laws seem to break down.167 Einstein and others have shown that objects cannot travel faster than the speed of light, which is 186,291 miles per second. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, if an object were to travel at the speed of light its mass would become infinite. Since it would take an infinite force to accelerate an infinite mass, it seems one should forget about anything traveling faster than the speed of light. But now scientists suggest that a particle called a tachyon (from the Greek for "swift") may travel faster than the speed of light and cannot be slowed down.168 Some scientists believe that if tachyons could be detected and harnessed, they would help one to communicate anywhere in the universe instantaneously. 169 So far the particle has not been found, but the new theoretical physics does account for this possibility. Einstein's theory deals with conditions in which gravitational forces are not present and elements are at a constant velocity, and this environment does not exist on the earth. Relativity refers to the idea that velocity of an object can be determined only relative to the observer. The speed of light then could be a function of time, because time can only be defined by measurement.170 The two basic clocks by which time is measured are:

1) the dynamical time clock whose divisions are governed by the period the earth takes to make a complete orbit around the sun which is affected by gravitational pulls be tween the planets; and
2) the electromagnetic or atomic clock which is governed by the electron's orbit around its nucleus.

The evidence suggests that the clocks run at different rates. Studies have been made of the differences between these two times and their possible effects on our systems, 171 and the point of reference is apparently the key. In the dynamical clock the point of reference is inside the environment of the measurement and is thus subject to the forces inside the sphere of influence. In the atomic clock system the point of reference is external to the environment of the measurement and is not subject to internal forces. Essentially all of the scientific laws have a time or speed of light function within their mathematical treatment. They are time dependent and are subject to revision based on the relative time measurement and/or the point of reference. Among the items which change as a function of CDK (the speed of light decay) are the atomic time intervals, Planck's constant, the Rydberg constant, the gyromagnetic ratio, and the rate of radio active decay; all of which would imply that atomic processes would slow down as a result of CDK (the speed of light decay). The fact that atomic processes are slowing would also indicate that the specific heats, viscosity and diffusivity coefficients which are proportional to 1/c, as well as some reaction rates as governed by chemical kinetics would be altered. The CDK also affects the rates for osmotic and diffusion transfers. Thus the very processes which we use to determine the age of geologic strata and the mechanism for determining the formation of the geologic ages have themselves been undergoing changes as the speed of light has decreased since creation. An example of this was demonstrated in the studies on the "Genesis Rock" returned from the moon. The gamma ray count suggested that the rock may be 4 billion years old, thus the name Genesis. However, when we fractured the rock 172 we found the particles shown in Figures 99 through 102. The individual fragments of the rock could not have been formed at the same time and the age measurements were not valid, since the counting value assumes a decay from the time the rock was formed. This is why NASA dropped the idea of using the lunar samples as an age criterion in measurements. Many of the methods used to measure age are in question when used to interpret ages of more than 10,000 years. This information has led many scientists to "rethink" the definition of geologic ages based on these "time" measurements. Also, many live specimens of the "index fossils" have been found in recent years.

Twenty years ago earth scientists believed that it took millions of years for oil to form and they also believed that all such oil formation and basins originated from organic material deposits. However, we can now make a good grade of crude oil in an afternoon in the laboratory from both organic and inorganic material. Scientists are using these methods to recycle garbage and trash, but at this time it is not economically feasible for commercial application, but may soon be due to environmental considerations. NASA is studying similar methods for extracting both water and fuel from carbonaceous rocks on the lunar surface to support moon stations and interplanetary flights. It would be economically feasible on the lunar surface due to the high cost of transporting sufficient supplies to the moon. They have also developed similar techniques to make industrial grade diamonds. Science at one time considered the process would take eons of time. Many precious stones, ie, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires are being made by these methods. They are so perfect in physical properties vis-a-vis natural gems that the government passed laws requiring that the manmade gems be sold as "artificial" gems. Scientific "fact" is constantly being altered due to new data and discoveries.

In 1900 the German physicist Max Planck proposed that light, heat, and other forms of radiation come in tiny bundles, which he called quanta. The amount of energy in a single particle depended on the frequency and can be given by the following equation: E = hv, where v is the frequency of the wave and h is a constant that came to be called Planck's constant. Eventually scientists came to think of that single bundle of energy as a particle called a photon. The problem with the photon is that it exhibits both corpuscular and wave properties which are in direct conflict with the definitions of theoretical physics. Another problem stems from the fact that the frequency v is defined as v = c/M, where M is the wavelength and c is the speed of light. Einstein's theory indicates that E = mc 2 , where the energy is proportional to the mass and the speed of light. This equates energy, mass, frequency, and wavelength as proportional to the speed of light. If the speed of light changes, the relationship between these would be affected.

Exponential Function

Many of the scientific formulas also contain an exponential function that usually has time or the speed of light as a component. Radioactive decay is a good example of this exponential decay function. The half-life is measured in terms of exponential decreases over time, Figure 92. Science indicates that Uranium will decay to lead over a period of time and this decay curve is an exponential time function.

Figure 92 Uranium Radioactive Decay

The change in lifetimes of the Patriarchs in Genesis 10 from Noah to Joseph, reflects an exponential decay curve, see Figure 3, page 9. The aging of an individual and his decrease in vigor over time resembles an exponential death curve. The decay curve of the earth's magnetic field is exponential, Figure 93, and the extrapolation of the data indicates the earth would have been a magnetic star from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. The population growth of unrestrained cultures follows an exponential curve, be they bacteria or human. The speed of growth of vegetation in the spring is a modified exponential curve if environmental conditions are satisfactory.

Figure 93 Decay of the Earth's Magnetic Field

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed. The Second Law states that Entropy or the measure of disorder, must always increase. This law says in effect that the earth is dying since the Energy of the universe is always decreasing and the Entropy (energy which is no longer available) is increasing. If all things are decreasing, then why would the speed of light be exempted? The aging of an individual and his decrease in vigor over time resembles an exponential death curve. The population growth of unrestrained cultures follows an exponential curve, be they bacteria or human. The speed of growth of vegetation in the spring is a modified exponential curve if environmental conditions are satisfactory. The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transformed. The Second Law states that Entropy or the measure of disorder, must always increase. This law says in effect that the earth is dying since the Energy of the universe is always decreasing and the Entropy (energy which is no longer available) is increasing. If all things are decreasing, then why would the speed of light be exempted?

CDK - Speed of Light Decay

It has been proposed by Setterfield 173 that the speed of light may not have always been constant. That light travels at a constant speed, 186,000 miles per second, is one of the things that troubles most scientists about the Creation Theory. This presents a problem to them if the earth is only a few thousand years old as creationists claim, rather than millions of years old as science accepts. The problem stems from the idea that God created everything whole. But, if the speed of light is constant, then the stars one sees now would had to have existed millions and millions of years ago, or when God created the stars, he would also have created the light from these stars on a path toward earth. That would mean that one observes light from a star that did not exist when the light was created. God could not create anything imperfect, and all things must follow His physical laws. The only way this is plausible, while retaining the physical laws and God's integrity, is to postulate that the speed of light is decaying, is slowing down. This would be totally consistent with the other things discussed, the decay of the earth's magnetic field, the radioactive decay, and the decay of the human body.

The speed of light has been successfully and accurately measured since the mid- 1600's. These data and the literature references shown in TABLE I are fully discussed in reports by Setterfield; "The Atomic Constants and Dynamical Time," and "The Velocity of Light and the Age of the Universe, CDK Model Summary for Critically Damped Curve." 174

These data represent numerous measurements of the speed of light or a variable directly proportional to the speed of light. Barry Setterfield has compiled a complete monograph on these experiments, and the scientific communities' reaction and arguments for and against the idea.

One of the best illustrations for the CDK (speed of light decay) that one can present without going into all the technical details is the experimental error involved in these measurements. If one is measuring a specific value for a constant, the experimental technique will have a range of error. For example, if the value is 100 and the experimen tal technique has a three percent error, then the measured values would range from 103 to 97 and would scatter between these values. If one applies this error range to the measurement for c, the speed of light, and plots them as a function of the year measured, the results are shown in Figure 94.

Figure 94 Measured Speed of Light as a Function of the Year Measured and Showing Experimental Error

This curve is very similar to that published by Setterfield. The figure does show, even considering the experimental error, that the value for the speed of light apparently has decreased over time.
If one mathematically fits a curve to these data, he will find an exponential decay curve as shown in Figure 95.

Figure 95 Computer Generated Decay Curve

Major adjustments in the equation would vary the vertical portion of the curve only by a few thousand years. This is consistent with the creationist's view of the subject, but certainly does not justify the millions of years required by the evolutionists. When one applies the measured speed of light data, Table I, to the computer generated curve where c = A Cosec2kt, Figure 96 is obtained, indicating the data do follow an exponential decay curve.

Figure 96 Speed of Light Measurements

If one was to describe an exponential curve with only words one would say: It is a curve that has a very high value for the Y axis at a small value for X and the Y value decreases very rapidly with a small increase in X. Also the curve has a high value of X for a low value of Y and X rapidly decreases with small increases in Y.

Figure 97 Graphical Representation of II Peter 3:8

Is this what Peter was describing in II Peter 3:8 when he stated: "Do not let this one fact escape your notice, that with the Lord, one day is as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day." This is graphically demonstrated by Figure 97. The curve would be in keeping with the effects of CDK and could explain the verse in II Peter and the time function that has bothered many scholars, and give additional insight into the reference to "the Day of the Lord."

Biological Consequences of CDK
The biological consequences of a higher c also fits with what science has observed. A higher c would create a greater photon density thus increasing the formation of chlorophyll, greater energy availability, and more rapid plant growth resulting in rain forests. An increase in diffusion would permit better delivery over longer lengths through the microscopic air tubes in the insects external skeleton thus enabling insects to grow much larger when c is higher. Viscous drag would be lower and laminar flow more easily maintained at higher c. This means that flying creatures would be more efficient and therefore could have much larger bodies, i.e., the pterosaurs.

Movements and stability of fish in water would be enhanced at higher c thus permitting heavy armor plated reptiles the agility of modern sea life. As c decayed, these forms of life would find it much harder to compete with the lighter, faster species.
Lower viscosities at higher c would enhance blood flow, energy transfers within the body and easier breathing, thus placing less strain on hearts and vital organs enabling them to sustain life in large animals. As c decayed, the effectiveness of these organs would be reduced. Higher heat dissipations at higher c would tend to favor reptilian creatures, thus giving rise to large reptiles. As c decreased, the central heated mammals would become more stable and would survive better. Thus the conclusion concerning the biological effects of CDK is that it is making living systems less efficient.

Acceptance/Rejection of CDK
The problem with such a suggestion as the idea that the speed of light followed an exponential decay curve, CDK, is the elephant chain syndrome. 175 The acceptance of an idea that is in direct contrast to what one has been taught is very difficult unless the evidence for the new idea is overwhelming, and even then some reject the change. Sir Harold Jeffery 176 continued his lifelong rejection of the Continental Drift on grounds that his estimates of the properties of the earth's mantle indicated the impossibility of plate movements. He did not accept the mounting geophysical and geologic arguments that were in favor of a mobile outer shell of the earth.

In the early 1920s when Wegener first made public his idea of the Continental Drift, it was reluctantly accepted by the scientific community as a possibility, but by the 1930s it had been generally rejected. However, in the 1960s it was again acceptable when massive evidence was accumulated for his proposal. The development of sonar mapping and the ability to study the earth's magnetic field led the scientific community to realize Wegener was correct in his original proposal on Continental Drift. The final proof of the theory came with the satellite measurements of the drift.

The physical sciences accept the "universal gas constant," R, for the proportionality constant between pressure, volume, and temperature for an ideal gas in the equation PV=RT, for one mole. However, in engineering circles the gas constant is a function of the molecular weight. This produces a "universal gas constant" that is different for each substance. The gas constant is actually a function of the mass and the molecular weight of the substance, where the mass, m, divided by the molecular weight, M, equals the number of moles, n, m/M = n. This illustrates that a universal constant in science is a function of its accepted definition.

The speed of light could be written as a universal constant as c = cse-kt, where c is the speed of light, cs is the transitional speed of light and e-kt is the exponential function in time, t. The expression e-kt, where k is a proportionality constant, is contained in a great many mathematical expressions of scientific laws, principles and theories.
The final chapter is yet to be written on the decay of the speed of light, CDK.

Age of the Earth

If the speed of light has changed, then the scientific explanation of the age of the earth needs to be revised and the geological ages may have been condensed into the relative short period of time as indicated in the Bible. The onset of the Continental Drift could have been in the days of Peleg.

The geological supposition that the earth is millions of years old has some very troublesome conflicts with other scientific information. For example, if the earth's magnetic field is decaying exponentially as indicated by physics, 177 Figure 93, the earth would have been a magnetic star between 7,000 and 14,000 years ago. These figures allow for experimental error and error in extrapolation from the 130 years of available data. The decay of uranium to lead also presents a problem for the geological ages. If one takes the amount of Lead that is present in the United States today and extrapolates this amount to uranium that would be present in the past, Figure 92, one finds that the earth would have been so radioactively hot 25,000 years ago, that biological life could not have existed.

Atomic dating is based on these same decay curves, and it is assumed that the decay rate is constant. When the Lunar Samples were returned from the Apollo missions, NASA claimed that the Genesis rock, Figure 98, was four billion years old, based on radiation counts.

Figure 98 Genesis Rock from Apollo 11

A portion of this rock was examined by Birkebak, Cremers and Dawson178 during their lunar sample studies, and the age of the rock was questioned. The Genesis rock contained spherical glass particles such as shown in Figure 99,

Figure 99 Glass Sphere from Genesis Rock

glass dumbbell shaped particles, Figure 100,

Figure 100 Glass Dumbbell from Genesis Rock

and glass cubical crystal shaped particles, Figure 101.

Figure 101 Glass Cube from Genesis Rock

The problem is that to form the spherical particles would require a relative fast cooling of the molten glass without mixing. To form the dumbbell shaped particles would require the same fast cooling, but would require that two small spheres collide and combine before they completely cooled. Figure 100 also indicates that the dumbbell was hit by some object before it completely cooled as evidenced by the small indentation on the top sphere. In contrast, the glass cube of Figure 101 would require very slow, controlled cooling for the crystalline structure to form. But all three glass particles were present in the interior of the Genesis rock. This would be impossible if all of the rock were formed at one time. Then what portion of the rock was being counted, and how was it formed? NASA dropped the idea of the Genesis rock because the gamma counts were obviously in question. In many instances the atomic methods of determining age are subject to errors.
If CDK is employed, none of the atomic methods of dating indicate a time more than 75,000 years. The age of the earth has been estimated at values of four billion to six thousand years and values in between. Each estimate is based on published data and has its own advocates.

Source of Wisdom
The book of Job illustrates the need for wisdom and the need to know the difference between knowledge and wisdom. Job's friends in their argument with Job were trying to convince Job of the reason God was letting him suffer. In their discussions the friends displayed knowledge, but not wisdom, and they failed miserably to comfort Job. They displayed a knowledge of God, but they lacked the wisdom of how to use and apply that knowledge. Job in contrast to his friends, did not know why he suffered, but he was sure of his righteousness and of God's being. Job understood that God was the source of all wisdom, even though he sometimes doubted it. Job said that man could devise all manner of things to make his life better. He could seek out and mine precious metals and minerals from beneath the surface. Man could build cities, raise food, and harness the resources of the earth, but man could not control his own tongue. Man lacked the wisdom to understand the forces of nature but he was proud of his knowledge of how to use these forces. One sees this in man today. He has decided that he controls all things through his knowledge of science. Modern man is making the same mistakes that Job's friends made. They have the knowledge but lack wisdom. Modern man continually confuses information with knowledge and knowledge with wisdom. Science, for the most part, has rejected the idea of miracles and has used this as a knowledgeable reason to reject the Bible. If one takes into consideration that science cannot explain or define its own laws, then where is wisdom?

If one actually lists the things that men of science do not understand, it is suprising how little man really understands. Take electricity, for example. Electricity is defined as the flow of electrons, but that is not a satisfactory definition since one cannot define an electron except in terms of electricity or charged particles. The definition for lightning is the uncontrolled dissipation of electrical energy, but energy is defined mathematically in terms of time and the speed of light and this results in a cyclic definition. One can describe how energy or electricity behaves under controlled conditions; one can control it, use it and even pipe it around - but cannot define it.

One can make all sorts of calculations of the effect of magnetism on charged particles, on electrical fields, etc., but one cannot define it. One can calculate the attraction between objects and particularly metals. One can "magnetize" iron, but cannot "magnetize" aluminum. However, if an alloy of aluminum and 3% of iron is compounded, it can be made into a "super magnet" but the exact mechanism for the change is not known. One cannot produce an exact definition or define the basic principle for magnetism. There is even magnetism between people. Why does one pick a particular spouse? Why do some people repel others? It is animal magnetism or charisma that exists. One knows when it exists, both in terms of animate and inanimate objects, but it isn't quantitatively defined.

Gravity is another force that science cannot define. One can only oppose it with a greater force in the opposite direction. The effect of gravity can be demonstrated, measured, and mathematically treated as an attractive force or as a constant of acceleration, but science cannot define it.

One cannot define the methodology of molecular changes, but one can demonstrate it and through experimentation predict percentage yields. If one takes the hydrogen atom from the top carbon atom of a molecule of egg white and moves it to the third carbon atom in the chain we make an atom of rattlesnake venom. Why? We don't know. Chemists can put together all kinds of compounds, using various chemicals. In most cases, they will know how these chemicals will react under a given set of circumstances, but these reactions will all be based on probability. If one has ten items and mixes them with ten other items, ten new items are not necessarily formed. One may get eight of one kind and two of another. In fact, one doesn't really understand the processes that occur when we combine various kinds of chemicals, atoms, or molecules. One can see how they react and can use this knowledge, but one cannot define these reactions in terms of absolute percentages of the resulting reactants or products.

What makes something alive? One can look into a person's eye and see love, hate, serenity, fear, joy, sadness, the emotional byproducts of life, but one cannot define what one sees. 179 What is this "spark" that makes something alive? One cannot define it, but one can certainly tell when it is missing. Scientists do not understand what causes life to exist or not exist; only the presence or absence can be detected, but it is undefinable.

Science defines light as the movement of energy in corpuscular form (photons) and in a wave motion. But this definition is a direct contradiction to science's own laws that something cannot exist in two forms and dimensions at the same time. It is a complete anomaly. Light moves through the atmosphere or space like a radio wave, so one can say that it possesses a wave motion. It also behaves as though it were composed of corpuscles or solid particles, like atoms. These small, distinct particles, as was mentioned earlier, are photons; but what, exactly, are they?

Among all of the above processes, the only consistent definitive observation that one can make is that they all contain some sort of energy . . . some sort of capacity to do work and this capacity or energy is a function of the speed of light and time.
Many scientists reject the idea of physical miracles because it is believed that all physical phenomena can be explained by scientific principles. But these same principles are not defined, as stated above. Science cannot define electricity, magnetism, gravity, molecular motion, life processes, light, time, or energy. There is nothing in creation that does not contain at least one of these undefined principles.

The Bible tells that when Christ was on earth He performed a series of miracles. These miracles were not just to entertain but were to demonstrate God's complete sovereignty over all things. The scientific principles that cannot be defined were controlled by Christ as follows:
Gravity: He walked on water, 180 in the process defying or controlling gravity. Not only that, but the Word of His mouth enabled Peter to walk on water. 181
Magnetism: His Word alone is attracting millions to Him, even over a span of almost 2,000 years. It is a magnetism that changes men's lives. The heart of man is continually evil, 182 but when Christ enters, all changes; there is a new creation.183
Molecular motion: Jesus took water and turned it into wine. 184 He controlled the molecular motion and the molecular processes. He controlled the movement of the atoms.
Life processes: He told Lazarus to get up and come out of the tomb, 185 which Lazarus promptly did. He healed people of various infirmities. He controlled life processes. Christ is the resurrection.
Electricity: The Bible says that when He comes, it will be as lightning 186 flashing from the east to the west. He is the force that holds all things together, the "nuclear glue" of science. He is omnipresent and created all things. 187
Light: The Bible says that Christ is the light of the world. 188 He is universally constant.
Time: He is the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. 189 Before time He was 190 and there will be no end to His Kingdom. 191

All the things that science cannot define, Christ has demonstrated full knowledge of and control over the laws that govern them. These are God's laws and this knowledge is Wisdom. We are further told that Christ is the source of all power and energy. 192 Christ is the one who holds all things together. He, not science, is the only one who has ever been able to utilize all of the mysterious energy forms we've discussed.

So science cannot define the above laws. Is there one thing on this earth that does not contain at least one of the above? Mankind has the knowledge to use the above principles, but does not seek the wisdom which applies to them. When one encounters a verse like, "in the days of Peleg the earth was divided" or "a thousand years is as a day and a day like a thousand years," one should consider the source and accept it as definitive and ask the Lord how to apply it. Many do not take the Bible as the inerrant Word of God, but many do accept the authority of the Written Word, 193 and therefore claim it is inerrant. 194 The book of Genesis and particularly the chronology of the Patriarchs is considered by some to be in question, 195 but many also consider it complete and authoritative. 196

Isaiah said in Isaiah 29:14: "And the wisdom of their wise men shall perish, and the discernment of their discerning men shall be concealed." I Corinthians 1:19 repeats this thought:

For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent. Where is the wise? Where is the scholar? Where is the disputer of this world? Hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world?

Final Conclusions

The Plate Tectonic Theory accepted many of the presuppositions of the Continental Drift Theory but rejected the idea of individual continents drifting. The Plate theory which was based on contemporary observations and data did not try to develop an explanation for the early movement of the continents. The Plate theory does give a good explanation of current events concerning the continental movement in terms of plates, but it cannot account for the reverse and circular movements in some parts of the world. The concept of mountain building from the Plate theory is inadequate except on the continental coastlines.

The initial continental arrangement as presented by Gottsland does meet all the physical requirements for the initial super continent and meets the criteria established by Genesis. The continental trail left in bedrock by the moving continents, as shown by sonar mapping, indicates that an arrangement similar to Gottsland reflects the physical data much better than the original proposed Pangaea and does not produce inconsistencies, such as the movement of India. The movement of the continents from Gottsland obeys the laws of physics, and the reverse action accounts for many of the anomalies unaccounted for in the Continental Drift and Plate Tectonic theories. The Continental Drift Theory had the correct idea, but the presupposition as to the center of the earth was incorrect. The scientists of the 1930s did not have at their disposal the data that is now available, and they did not consider the Bible as a source of scientific wisdom, and therefore ignored Genesis 1:9.
The continental movement from Gottsland is consistent with the center being at or near Israel and the Scriptures indicate that God throughout history has taken His people to Zion.

These data also indicate that the Scriptures specified the basis for the Continental Drift 3500 years before man discovered the fact. The scientific literature indicates that the Continental Drift and Plate Tectonic theories have had an enormous impact on the earth sciences, but it was covered in the Bible in two verses that man has ignored all these years.
John Calvin 197 stated:

For as the aged, or those whose sight is defective, when any books however fair, is set before them, though they perceive that there is something written are scarcely able to make out two consecutive words, but, when aided by glasses, begin to read distinctly, so Scripture, gathering together the impressions of Deity, which, till then, lay confused in our minds, dissipates the darkness, and shows us the truth and the true God clearly.

and Gordon J Spykman 198 amplified Calvin's statement:

Given the reality of our radical fall into sin, there is only one noetic point of departure, the Bible . . . Scripture is the noetic key to right understanding of the ontic order of created reality. It is the indispensable pair of glasses (Calvin, Institutes, I, 6, 1) which we with our sin-blurred vision must now wear in order to discover the meaning of creation, history, Christ, religion, and all the rest.

Scientists and Bible scholars have said that the Bible is not a book of science, but when it speaks of scientific things it has not been shown to be wrong. Many scientists try to adjust their acceptance of the Bible to fit their scientific beliefs instead of adjusting their science to fit the Bible.

God said in Genesis 1:9 that there was a single land mass and science now agrees. He said the earth was divided and science agrees, although the time frame for the separation is in question by science. The proposed CDK could bring this time frame of separation into alignment with God's time frame.
If these verses hold true, then what about the verses:

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." Genesis 1:1.

"A thousand years is like a day, and a day like a thousand years." II Peter 3:8.

"And I looked, and, lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Zion, and with him a hundred forty and four thousand, . . ." Revelation 14:1.

". . . and they lived and reigned with Christ a thousand years." Revelation 20:4.

When the following Bible verses are taken as they were written:

And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. Genesis 1:9.

And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days was the earth divided, Genesis 10:25.

And upon the people that are gathered out of the nations, which have gotten cattle and goods, that dwell in the midst of the land, Ezekiel 38:12.

and applied as the only presuppositions to the Continental Drift Theory, a new Theory can be developed. The new Theory, as presented in this paper, utilizes, explains and does not contradict the observed factual, physical and scientific data that are available concerning the continental movements. This Theory illustrates that even though the Bible is not a book of science, when the Bible discusses scientific subjects it is always precise and definitive.

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Now that you have read these articles on the web pages, www.aaronc.com and www.jpdawson.com and seen how God works through individuals, through His creation and nature, through countries and history and how He reveals Himself through prophecy it is time to take a look inside yourself. Continue

164 Dietz, "The Breakup of Pangaea," 78. Return
165 Genesis 10:25. Return
166 Robert S Dietz, "The Breakup of Pangaea," 182 ; H. H. Hess, "Sea-Floor Spreading," 559. Return
167 Paul Davies, ed., The New Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 34-60. Return
168 Ira M. Freeman, Physics Made Simple (New York: Doubleday, 1990), 79. Return
169 Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes (New York: Bantam, 1988), 217. Return
170 J. T. Fraser, Time: The Familiar Stranger (Boston: University of Massechusetts Press, 1987), 98. Return
171 Richard Morris, Time's Arrows: Scientific Attitudes Toward Time (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), 118-121. Return
172 R.C. Birkebak and J. P. Dawson, "Thermal Radiation Properties of Lunar Material," Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C. ( 1970): 724. Return
173 Barry Setterfield, "The Velocity of Light and the Age of the Universe," Technical Monograph, Creation Science Association (Australia, 1983). Return
174 Barry Setterfield, "The Atomic Constants and Dynamical Time, CDK Model Summary for Critically Damped Curve," Technical Monograph, Creation Science Association. (Australia, 1986). Return
175 When one trains an elephant for circus or domestic use, the elephant must be conditioned to be tethered when not engaged in its primary purpose. This is accomplished by placing a small wire cable around the baby elephants rear leg and fastening it to a solid restraint such as a tree or solid iron stake. Sometimes a pronged wire or even a barbed wire is used. When the young elephant tries to move beyond the distance allowed by the wire, the chain cuts or at least produces pain in the elephant's leg. The elephant soon realizes the pain can be avoided if when it feels a tug or tightening of the chain he ceases moving in that direction. When the elephant is grown it is so conditioned that a small cable connected to a cinder block will keep him in a prescribed area. The elephant has the strength to move beyond his restraint but has been conditioned by training not to move further when he feels the tightening around his leg. Unfortunately this also applies to many professionals. They have been trained and conditioned to what is acceptable and correct in their profession and are hindered from trying and/or accepting something new. The fear of disagreement from their peers or even ridicule keeps them within what is perceived as acceptable bounds. The ones who step beyond these restraints have furthered and enhanced their profession Return
176 Sir Harold Jeffery, The Earth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Return
177 Cesare Emiliani, Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and the Environment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992): 224; Peter Cattermole and Patrick Moore, The Story of the Earth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985): 103.Return
178 R. C. Birkebak, and J. P. Dawson,"Thermal Radiation Properties of Lunar Material," Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D. C., 1970: 724. Return
179 Matthew 6:22 states that the eye is the window to the soul. Return
180 Matthew 14:25 And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea. [KJV]
Mark 6:4But Jesus, said unto them, A prophet is not without honour, but in his own country, and among his own kin, and in his own house.
John 6:19. So when they had rowed about five and twenty or thirty furlongs, they see Jesus walking on the sea, and drawing nigh unto the ship: and they were afraid. [KJV] Return
181 Matthew 14:28-29. [KJV] And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee on the water. And he said, Come. And when Peter was come down out of the ship, he walked on the water, to go to Jesus. Return
182 Genesis 6:5. And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. [KJV] Return
183 II Corinthians 5:17. Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new. [KJV] Return
184 John 2:1. And the third day there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee; and the mother of Jesus was there: [KJV] Return
185 John 11:43.And when he thus had spoken, he cried with a loud voice, Lazarus, come forth. [KJV] Return
186 Matthew 24:27.But straightway Jesus spake unto them, saying, Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. [KJV] Return
187 Ephesians 3:9. And to make all men see what is the fellowship of the mystery, which from the beginning of the world hath been hid in God, who created all things by Jesus Christ: [KJV] Return
188 John 8:12. Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. [KJV] Return
189 Revelation 1:1. The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave unto him, to shew unto his servants things which must shortly come to pass; and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John: [KJV] Return
190 I Peter 1:20. Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you, [KJV]
Return
191 Luke 1:33. And he shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end. [KJV] Return
192 Matthew 28:1. In the end of the sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week, came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulchre. [KJV] Return
193 W. A. Criswell, Why I Preach that the Bible is Literally True. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1973; John Warwick Montgomery, . God's Inerrant Word. Bethany Fellowship 1974; D. L. Moody, The Fullness of the Gospel. London: Robert Scott, 1907; William W. Klein, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation. Waco: Word, 1993; W. B. Riley, "The Bible: Is It an Evolution or an Inspiration," Scriptural Inspiration Versus Scientific Investigation. La Jolla: Biola, 1978. Return
194 John F. Walvoord,"The Pragmatic Confirmation of Scriptural Authority," The Bible: The Living Word of Revelation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968; John F. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, Zondervan, 1991; Edward J. Young, "Are the Scriptures Inerrant?" The Bible: The Living Word of Revelation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968; R. C. Sproul, Classical Apologetics. New York: Academic Press, 1984; D. L. Moody, The Fullness of the Gospel. London: Robert Scott, 1907; N. L. Geisler, Introduction to Philosophy. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1980; Merrill C. Tenney, "Biblical Authority," The Bible: The Living Word of Revelation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968; C. C. Ryrie, Basic Theology. Grand Rapids: Victor Books, 1986; John Warwick Montgomery,God's Inerrant Word. Bethany Fellowship 1974; John Warwick Montgomery, "The Relevance of Scripture Today," The Bible: The Living Word of Revelation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968; W. A. Criswell, Why I Preach that the Bible is Literally True. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1973; B. Rogers and D.K. Mc Kim. The Authority and Interpretation of the Bible. New York: Harper, 1993.
J. Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come: A Study in Biblical Eschatology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1958.Return
195 B. B. Warfield, Studies in Theology; G. L. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties; G. L. Archer, A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, 173; Walter Brueggemann, Genesis Interpretation, 11; D. G. Barnhouse, Genesis, A Devotional Exposition, 68; Vicotr P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis. Return
196 W. A. Criswell, Why I Preach that the Bible is Literally True, 13-26; Allen P. Ross, Creation and Blessing, 221-231; Peter Kreeft and Ronald K. Tacelli, Handbook of Christian Apologetics (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1970), 207-215; John F. Walvoord,"The Pragmatic Confirmation of Scriptural Authority," ; John F. Walvoord, Major Bible Prophecies, 31-33; Henry. Morris, Genesis Record, 27-32, 245; Arthur W. Pink,The Divine Inspiration of the Bible. (Reiner Publications, 1969), 17-24; M. R. DeHann, Genesis and Evolution.(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 27-32; John J. Davis, Paradise to Prison, Studies in Genesis (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1975), 135-182; J. Finegan, Handbook of Biblical Chronology (Cambridge: Princeton University Press, 1964), 33-36; M. E Ramay,. Promises of Genesis (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1962)16-19; W. B. Riley, "The Bible: Is It an Evolution or an Inspiration," 45; Allen P. Ross, Creation and Blessing, 221; Hugh Ross, Creation and Time (Colorado Springs: NavPress Publishing Group, 1990), 16-24; R. D. Wilson, A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament (Chicago: Moody Bible Press, 1959),29-35; Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe, When Critics Ask. (Wheaton: Victor Books, 1992), 13-15; K. A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Old Testament (New York: InterVarsity Press, 1966), 28; Nahum M Sarna, Understanding Genesis: The Heritage of Biblical Israel (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), 61-70.Return
197 John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, (Albany, OR.: Sage Digital Library, 1996), 89. Return
198 Gordon J. Spykman, Reformation Theology, A New Paradigm for Doing Dogmatics (Grand Rapids: Erdmans, 1992), 76.Return